Initiation Planning Executing Monitor Control Closing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 479 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? ProXalt ® Student RecallSheet © Project Management Process Groups Initiation Planning Executing Monitor Control Closing †¢Based on the Feasibility Study conducted and using Project Selection Methods, the project selection committee selects a project. The client Develops Project Charter, Preliminary Scope Statement and the sponsor approves the project charter †¢Based on Project Charter nd Preliminary Scope statement, the project team conducts all planning activities and Develops the Project Management Plan †¢Project team involves in Planning and Defining the Scope of the project and Creates WBS †¢Using WBS items, the team Defines project Activities, places them in a Sequence, Estimates Duration and Resources needed and develops a Project Schedule †¢Estimate Cost and allocate that Cost to work packages (Cost Budgeting) †¢Plan Quality standards for the project †¢Create Human Resource Plan †¢Come up with Communications Management Plan †¢Create a Risk Management Plan and Identify all Risks.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Initiation Planning Executing Monitor Control Closing" essay for you Create order Analyze them Qualitatively, Quantitatively and come up with Risk Response Plan †¢Plan on how to Acquire goods and services from outside the organization and Plan on Contracting †¢Direct and Manage Project Execution to ensure that all the planned packages have been executed †¢Perform Quality Assurance to assure that the project team followed quality standards †¢Acquire Project Team members from functional managers and Develop the Project Team †¢Distribute project related Information and performance reports to project stakeholders †¢Request seller Responses and Select one of the Sellers to perform the project work †¢Administer the Contract Monitor and Control project work and Integrate all Change Controls †¢Verify completeness of the Scope of work and Control Scope related changes †¢Control Schedule, Cost, and Quality related changes †¢Manage Project Team and their Performance †¢Report on project Performance and Manage Stakeholders †¢Monitor and Control Risk activities †¢Administer the Contract for any changes †¢Develop Administrative and Contract Closure procedures during Close Project †¢Conduct Contract Closure to close the contract PERT = (O+4M+P) / 6 STD of Activity (STD) = (P-O)/6 Variance of Activity = [STD]2 = [(P-O)/6] 2 STD of Project = vvar1 + var2 + Project Duration = Sum of PERTs  ± (#of sigma’s * STD of project) EVM EV = % complete * BAC CV = EV – AC (0 good) SV = EV – PV (0 good) CPI = EV/AC (1 good) SPI = EV/PV (1 good) EAC = AC / %Comp. , BAC/CPI ETC = EAC – AC VAC = BAC EAC Variance Resultant Profit Total Amount To Be Paid Normal Distribution 1 2 3 6 sigma sigma sigma sigma = = = = 68. 26% 1 STD=1 Sigma 95. 46% 99. 73% 99. 999% Communication Channels = N (N-1)/2 EMV = n ROM = -50% to 100% during Budget = -10% to 25% during early planning stage and -5% to 10% during late planning state Impact * Probability initiation stage Present Value : FV/ (1+r ) FV=Future Value; r=Rate of interest; n = number of time periods Float/Slack of Task-X = [Critical Path Length] [Longest Non-Critical Path that has Task-X in it] Incentive Contract Calculations = Target Cost— Actual Cost = Target Profit + Contractor share of variance = Actual Cost + Resultant Profit (Resultant value is ‘+’ then it is Under Run, if it is ‘-’ then it is Over Run)

Why Animals Shouldn t Have A Bill Of Rights - 1503 Words

AngelicaAyala 10/9/15 ERWC Per. 2 When a cause is brought up and given light, it has a way of splitting people in how they react to it. And such has been true when it comes to granting new rights, because it’s brobdingnagian in our society that is always hungry for freedoms. We are split down the middle on whether, or not to consider animals, just like us, and thus deserve the rights we hold in our society today. On the other end, are people who don’t believe such rights should be given to animals. While the pro-arguments hold value, there is much more to see on the other end. As to why animals shouldn’t have a â€Å"Bill of Rights† like we as humans do. It’s shown in various different ways, even the most popular arguments held by the opposing side. Such as cows hurting the environment, zoo’s being inhumane, and pets. There are other factors as well to take into consideration such as food, psychology medicine, and even culture. It’s often argued that cows are the main source of our Methane emission, giving a strong argument to reduce, or even stop, our consumption of meat. In all actuality, only about six percent to seven percent of all greenhouseShow MoreRelatedShould Children Be Treated As Kids, Not Wild Animals?754 Words   |  4 Pages The topic that I have selected has impacted me throughout personal family experience. I plan to argue: Hyperactive children have been considered to have a behavioral disorder in which medical treatment is necessary. Hyperactive children should be treated as kids, not wild animals. Understanding that not being able to focus, being excessively overactive, and not being able to control behavioral issues is a problem, but all medication have their side effects. 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Thomas Jefferson being president was like a catalyst for change in America if Burr would have taken over the United States would not be as strong as it is today. Thomas Jefferson had revolutionary thoughts about education, government, farming, and land. Jefferson truly morphed United States citizens way of life and beliefs. He was often counteredRead MoreEuthanasia Is Not A Bad Thing2331 Words   |  10 PagesAustin 1 Precis Taylor Austin, in her term paper â€Å"Euthanasia† argues euthanasia can save many people from suffering, but it also shouldn t be taken advantage of. Austin supports her argument by explaining that euthanasia isn’t a bad thing and people should have the right to choose what they do with their lives. The authors purpose is to inform the reader in order to/so that euthanasia isn’t a bad thing it could help many people but there should still be restrictions. 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Ralph Tyler’s Evaluation Method for Math Curricula Free Essays

Proper evaluation of all educational curricula is vital to providing an effective education to students. The purpose of such an evaluation is, in essence, to discover how well educational objectives are being met. An evaluation method must be accurate and valid, however the evaluation must also be accessible to those who need to use it. We will write a custom essay sample on Ralph Tyler’s Evaluation Method for Math Curricula or any similar topic only for you Order Now If an evaluation method is inaccurate or highly complex to utilize, it will either be misused, or not used at all. Math curricula can be especially difficult to match to an evaluation method because of the demands of the subject; scientific validity is a must, and ideally the design of the method would be crafted by someone who has a true understanding of mathematics in education. The evaluation method designed by Ralph Tyler is ideal for use by an educator for evaluating math curricula. Ralph Tyler was a student at the University of Chicago, and he studied under the famous Charles Judd. Tyler obtained his Ph.D. in 1927; he specialized in mathematics in school, which gives his work a particularly effective edge when applied to math curricula. Ten years after his graduation, he was appointed Director of Research for the Evaluation Staff on the well-known Eight Year Study. Tyler believed that scientific study was the key to successful education in every subject, and this was used as the basis for his research. Successful learning and teaching techniques were sought in the study, and from that research Tyler†s evaluation method was formed. Eventually Tyler would understand that all learning objectives should be determined by observing and actively evaluating student behavior within the class. (Pinar et al, 1995) The Objectives-Oriented Approach was popularized, if not entirely fathered, by Tyler. Tyler†s approach follows seven distinct steps: (1) establish broad goals or objectives, (2) classify the goals or objectives, (3) define objectives in behavioral terms, (4) find situations in which achievement of objective can be shown, (5) develop or select measurement techniques, (7) compare performance data with behaviorally stated objectives. (Worthen Sanders in ITGRN) These simple steps make this method ideal for evaluation of math curriculum for several reasons. First, it is scientifically sound, following steps like the scientific method. The method is simple; it does not require in depth research or detailed critical thinking that would take a lot of time out of the evaluator†s busy schedule. The steps are ideal for clarification of ideas, and it helps the teacher specifically ask the right questions of him- or herself as well as of the students. It also stresses empirical methods for evaluating goals and objectives. The shortcomings of this evaluation method are also minimal, including that neglects the context in which the evaluation takes place, and that it neglects the value of the objectives themselves. These are shortcomings which, unlike those of other evaluation methods, are easily overcome when applied to the curriculum by an intelligent person. How to cite Ralph Tyler’s Evaluation Method for Math Curricula, Papers

Strategic Management For Travel And Tourism - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management For Travel And Tourism. Answer: About Ryanair Ryanair Ltd is an Irish low budget airline, which was established in 1984. It is the biggest European airline and has carried the largest number of passengers, (Ryanair.com. 2017) the airline company has been characterized by rapid expansion and up gradation (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). The report analysis the business environment for the airline company. Macro Analysis Macro Environment Analysis can be described as the analysis of the external environment of the business. These factors lie in the external environment of the business and do not lie within the control of the business. However, these factors have a tendency to affect the business. For Ryanair airline, PESTLE Analysis has been used to determine and identify the present external factors. PESTLE Analysis can be described as an external environmental tool, which looks for six factors present in the external environment of the business. These factors are Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environment (Peppard and Ward 2016). The given factors adhering to the Airline Industry are given below: The Pestle Analysis is employed to identify macro-environment influences of the airline industry. Political: The government of every country wants to strengthen their economy and it knows that this can be done by forming certain rules and regulations, which promote the domestic airlines and this leads to setting up rules like preferential rights. The issues relating to the politics have a wide impact on the key operations area of budgeted airlines. The government has certain criteria pertaining to the rules and regulations, which need to be followed by the airline companies. Economic: This factor is extremely crucial to airline companies especially to a budgeted airline firm like Ryanair. Exchange rates, growth rates and inflation rates tend to govern the policies of the airline firms. Increasing cost of fuel often tends to become an issue for the budgeted airlines. These costs may deviate the company from its core offerings (Hill and Jones 2013). On the other hand, in case of a recession more people will use budgeted airlines as a mean to travel. Social: The budgeted airlines will benefit greatly from the current social trend, as more students from countries like Asia are willing to travel to Europe and other countries for higher education. Students generally travel on a low budget and the current trend will be beneficial for the given airlines. Technological: With the advent of technology and application of artificial intelligence in all the processes, the airline companies will be able to reduce costs and carry out the given task more efficiently. If new aircrafts help the company in reduced fuel, the airline industry will greatly benefit. Environmental: Various European countries have become extremely strict because of carbon emission and various pollution concerns. Therefore, various taxes are imposed on the airline companies through which their costs increase and profits decrease (Eden and Ackermann 2013). Abiding by these rules is necessary in order to maintain an image in front of the consumers. Legal: Government has made various environmental and promotional laws, which the airline companies need to abide by to prevent further losses. Micro environment analysis Microenvironment analysis can be described as the internal environment analysis pertaining to a particular industry. The airline industry is an extremely competitive industry where there exists intense competition. The micro environment analysis of the airline industry will be done using Porter`s Five Forces (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). Porters five forces model is a competitive model prepared by Michael porter, which examines the various factors present within the industry, which tend to have an impact on the business. The threat of entry There are high barriers to enter this particular industry such as: High investment requirements- The investment involved in the industry is extremely high, therefore it is not possible for every firm to enter the given industry very easily. Expected retaliation- Retaliation will be taking place in the form of price wars once new firms enter the budgeted airline industry. Legislation or Government action- In case the industry is saturated, the government will not allow new companies to enter the industry. The threat of substitutes In the budgeted airlines market various new companies have entered who have become important substitutes in the given industry. However, the strategies of Ryanair and its first mover advantage are tough to follow. Hence, threat of substitution is low. In the case of Ryanair, there will not be huge impact on its operations in case the industry is introduced to new entrants. Budgeted airlines focus lies on the prices and costs with respect to the given company (Slack 2015). The prices of the company are quite lower than that of the other airlines and hence, new prices with lower prices will not be able to win. The power of buyers As the switching cost in the given industry is low, it becomes increasingly easier for the buyers, which may be the tourist agency or the ultimate consumers to take another airline. Individuals will be able to choose their preferred airline and in no frills, differentiation is difficult (Evans, Stonehouse and Campbell 2012). However, Ryanair has best policies and is clearly the cheapest, which makes the power of the consumers lower. The power of suppliers The suppliers enjoy very high power in the given segment. There are certain things, which are compulsory to any airline and cannot be substituted for, therefore, it is difficult to compromise with the fuel providers and thus increases the power of suppliers. This is a problem being faced by the online industries. Competitive rivalry In the given airline, industry each company tends to provide same service but very few can provide cheap services like Ryanair. There exist price wars and price competitions in the industry. However, Ryanair still holds a dominant position in the market. It remains steady in its growth. Swot Analysis Strength Dominant lowest cost position Most profitable airline industry Good brand image Technology advantage (Lasserre 2012). Weakness Unable to provide additional services New domestic competitors Rising cost of fuel Threats Increasing cost of raw materials Lack of service and training quality New rules Opportunity Unexplored markets like South-east Asian companies Brand image will help it to expand in premier segment also References Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Evans, N., Stonehouse, G. and Campbell, D., 2012.Strategic management for travel and tourism. Taylor Francis. Hill, C.W. and Jones, G.R., 2013.Strategic management theory. South-Western/Cengage Learning. Hitt, M.A., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R.E., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Lasserre, P., 2012.Global strategic management. Palgrave Macmillan. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Ryanair.com.2017.Official Ryanair website | Book direct for the lowest fares | Ryanair.com. [Online] Available at: https://www.ryanair.com/gb/en/ [Accessed 27 Dec. 2017]. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. Pearson.

From your readings of her poems compare at least three which reflect Christina Rossettis views on life, death and love Essay Example

From your readings of her poems compare at least three which reflect Christina Rossettis views on life, death and love Essay Three main topics, life, death and love link all Christina Rossettis well-known poems. Each of her poems contains one or more of these themes. In this essay I have used the following poems Life and Death, Up-hill and One day. I believe that Life and Death reflects Rossettis views on life, as she quotes life is not sweet. The use of a caesura in the first line to create a pause should make the reader reflect on their life. Then she continues one day it will be sweet this means that while we may believe that we are happy with our material possessions we still have to endure hardships. When we enter heaven life will be sweet, I believe the caesura signifies the transition from life on earth to heaven.The next stansa uses the repetition of the word Nor to emphasise what we will not have after we die Nor feel the wild flowers blow. The use of a metaphor the grass grow long above our heads and feet. This indicates that the only way grass can grow above our heads and feet is when we die an d are buried. Rossetti tells us that yes, we will miss hearing the happy lark and the waxing wheat. The alliteration draws our attention to the fact that we wont see the harvest being reaped, but we will also not have to suffer the hardships of life.The next stansa begins with her statement of Life is not good. But one day it will be good this reflects once again her views on life after death which were that one had to struggle and face hardship to achieve eternal life. The poem is constructed of an irregular rhyme scheme; the first verse concerns itself with all the good memories of life and what we will miss when we die. The happy lark that soars high, yet when we do die, there are objects and feelings that we will not miss such as shrunk leaves dropping from the wood. Asleep from risk, asleep from pain.Another of Rossettis poems that I have analysed is Up-hill. I believe that this poem is using Christina Rossettis impression on life. The entire poem is written in a question and answer format. The poem has a regular rhyme scheme of A and B which could emphasise that there is a question being asked and there is always comforts be from the answers. The rhyme scheme could also reflect that in life there is no turning back after regretting what one has done which is also reflected in the singular rhyme scheme. In the first line Up-hill reflects that life is an uphill struggle and the winding signifies that we can not see what will happen to us in our later life.The phrase the whole long day is a reflection or an image of our lives; our lives are long and full of toil until we die! The line from morn to night is imagery because it gives us an image of when of the sun rises when we are born until the sun sets and we die. Christina Rossetti has used the word that door instead of the door because it means it is a specific door and there is no other like it. The final verse has a repetition of all to show that everyone that comes to heaven, without exception will be granted entrance and have their own place.I believe the poem One day reflects there is a topic of love, but also has a tenuous link with death. The poem is composed of three verses; each is a representation of the stages of life. The first verse is an image of spring comparing the beginning of our lives with the limped days of spring I believe, the irregular rhyme scheme can be a representation to our own lives as we dont know what will happen in the future so, it is irregular. The first verse deals explicitly with the topic of spring Elder boughs were budding yet and the beginning of now life when the couple meets. The next verse talks about autumn when one passes passes away Then they parted the use of an alliteration such as heavy hearted shows that they were not yet ready to part. The second verse contains a metaphor lost a crown to signify that they were king and queen the only people that wear crowns are royalty and if a king or queen dies they dont remarry which the imagery confirms.Finally the last verse is about heaven. It says it is a paradise. All of this shows that Christina Rossetti thinks that people on earth wait in pain, but heaven is a paradise. Life, death and love link all of the poems I have selected. I believe that some of the poems have been influenced by the events of Rossettis life her thoughts on the afterlife, the harder life is the easier it is to enter heaven. The differences between the three poems are that only Up-hill has a regular rhyme scheme, which could be linked to the title and the question, answer format. In comparison Life and Death and One day have irregular rhyme schemes. I speculate that this could be because life is not regular and can change as a result of our actions.

Comparison Contrast on Anorexia and Bulimia essays

Comparison Contrast on Anorexia and Bulimia essays In todays society, where physical characteristics are used to measure beauty and success, people are willing to push their bodies to extremes to achieve physical perfection. As an overweight woman, I may be considered a failure of societys beauty test. However, my high self-esteem and acceptance of my body allows me to not be disturbed by what, to some, may seem as a sign of failure. Unfortunately, there are people whose desire to be accepted by society causes them to develop eating disorders. The two most common are called anorexia and bulimia (WebMD.Com Eating 1). The Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, association (ANRED), states Anorexia and bulimia affect primarily people in their teens and twenties, but clinicians report both disorders in children as young as six and individuals as old as seventy-six (ANRED Statistics 1). Anorexia and bulimia are both serious eating disorders with differences and similarities in their symptoms, diagnosis, causes, treatments and prognosis. Although anorexia and bulimia share many of the same symptoms, they also have many differences. About half of people with anorexia also have symptoms of bulimia (MayoClinic.Com 2). According to the American Anorexia Bulimia Association (AABA), some symptoms of anorexia are: excessive exercising, depression, weakness, exhaustion, constipation, and loss of menstrual period in women (AABA Anorexia 1). They also state that bulimics suffer from those symptoms as well. (AABA Bulimia 1). Although there are similarities, each disorder has its own unique characteristics. A major symptom of bulimia is binging and purging. Bulimics practice binging, eating large amounts of food at one time, and purging, causing themselves to vomit, or defecate, in an attempt to prevent weight gain (Reyes 1). Anorexics, however, restrict their diets and starve themselves in attempt to stay thin and if possible, lose more weight (&qu...

Reflective practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective practitioner - Essay Example In this case, I cannot take the risk of not working hard with thinking that a miracle will happen, and I will pass. This is the exact thing that gets to happens in the world of sports. For a team to prosper, its members must take many risks that always make them get injured. We cannot fear taking risks because on one side lies getting injure. We should learn to look at the bright side that success lays. In reference to outdoor kinetic experience, different people get to have different experiences on different adventures. For example, one may vie fishing as a leisure activity; just for fun, while another person on the same boat will take fishing as a toll for measuring progress in that the other time he or she got two, this time the person wants to get three or four. This is what applies to people in the contemporary society. For example, I may consider education valuable because it will help me get a career while another person in the same class as me considers it necessary because i t will help him or her get more knowledge and not for career entry. According to John Rawls, every living thing should have the capacity to define a life plan. Different people get to hold different perspective in life. ... I tend to think that in the present age, despite having a life plan, a person is not sure he or she will be able to follow it as intended. This is because life brings along many bottlenecks that one gets to redefine the position of the life plan they once drafted. Handling different types of data Data is the most valuable asset that an organization may have. It is due to this fact that information systems are made, so as to ensure efficient analysis of the data, its storage and security. As a professional individual, it is crucial that one knows how to handle and present data, portraying the intended information analysis. Below we get to analyze a data from a survey on availability of university school courses and other dependent factors. Figure 1: Data University’s Business School Course Availability Survey Category Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Will you be satisfied if more sections are offered 0 2 9 9 13 Will you be more successful 4 3 12 7 7 Do yo u prefer to take business cources in the UCD 1 3 16 5 8 Sum 5 8 37 21 28 Average 1.666666667 2.666667 12.3333 7 9.333333333 Median 1 3 12 7 7 standard deviation 2.081665999 0.57735 3.51188 2 3.214550254 Figure 2: pictorial representation Pictorial representation of data is important due to a myriad of factors. The first reason is for easy analysis (AGRESTI, 2002,78). We can all conform that it is easier to deal that that is represented on a bar graph, rather than using the one on the spreadsheet. The second reason is for presentational purposes; when is representing data say to board of directors, it will be hard for them to conceptualize the progress of a company using raw data on a spreadsheet than on a bar graph. However, it is pertinent to

1) Voter Burnout & 2) Republicans and Democrats Essay

1) Voter Burnout & 2) Republicans and Democrats - Essay Example Voter turnout has great significance because higher turnout gives greater legitimacy to the upcoming government. Even dictatorial regime maneuvers to attain higher turnouts for claiming legitimacy. American democracy, a role model for the world, is suffering from this serious flaw of character. Factors responsible for low turnout are a matter of controversy among political scholars. The problem has the following psychological, cultural, and institutional dimensions, among others. Psychological factors: The voter loses interest in election when his confidence is shaken by leadership going back on the election promises. During elections, when he is given â€Å"the audacity of hope†, promise of â€Å"change† and â€Å"agenda of peace†, he naturally pins great hopes on the next government. At the end of the day when he gets nothing of what he was promised, he develops a mindset that leadership has betrayed him and is not sincere to the nation. Government policies not reflective of his wishes make him lose confidence in the system. Corruption scandals may dishearten him and create a sense that voting is nothing less than wastage of time, especially in the younger generation. Cultural factors: â€Å"U.S is the world’s oldest democracy and a pioneer in extension of the vote to the entire population† (Ladd, p417). Despite this democratic culture and attaining the target of universal suffrage, still there are problems that obstruct higher turnout. In a multicultural and multilingual country like US it is difficult for political parties to engage all sections of population. Negative campaigning and attacks on character of opponents is more common in US than elsewhere which potentially suppress turnout. Strong party affiliation is important to boost up turnout which is non existent in US. Countries where parties have strong roots in public and enjoy public confidence have higher turnout. Confidence in election process and voting are cultural habits

Changes in Unemployment Statistics in UK over Time Assignment

Changes in Unemployment Statistics in UK over Time - Assignment Example This paper investigates the unemployment using statistical techniques. Unemployment Statistics for UK (2006-2011) 1 Unemployment Rates in Percentage (%) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Rate 2006 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.48 2007 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.45 2008 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 5.68 2009 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.63 2010 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.02 2011 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.9 8.0 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.03 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.9 6.9 7.0 _______________________________ 1Trading Economics, â€Å"United Kingdom Unemployment Rate†. Trading Economics. 2012. , accessed 12, March 2012. Analysis the Unemployment Data Scatterplots Histograms Pie charts Cumulative frequency curves Measures of Averages Yearly Averages Measure Value Description Mean 6.72% The average of the rates of unemployment over the six year peri od Mode 8.03% The highest value on the histogram Median 6.66% The middle value, calculated by averaging the third and fourth value Monthly Averages Measure Value Description Mean 6.72% The average of the rates of unemployment over the six year period Mode 6.95% The highest value on the histogram Median 6.75% Middle value, calculated by averaging the sixth and seventh month What the data shows The social and economic impact of unemployment is insidious 2. Unemployment is usually attributable to the inability by able and willing persons to find sources of income regardless of active search for work. The unemployment data trend according to the histogram and the scatterplot indicate that the rate of unemployment has been rising over the six-year period ranging from 2006-2011. The greatest upsurge in the percentage unemployment rate was for the 2008 to 2009, where the rate rose from 5.68% to 7.63%, a 34.3% increase in unemployment rate 3. The unusual rise is attributable to the 2008 eco nomic meltdown, which forced many companies into liquidation and loss-making streaks for many corporations 4. The unfavorable economic conditions not only curbed growth in employment opportunities but also made corporate leaders lay off many workers to alleviate cost overruns. For the entire period the data concerns, particular salient features reveal themselves as to the general trend in the data. For instance, the earliest period, January 2006 has the lowest unemployment rate at 5.2% while the latest period, December 2011 has the highest unemployment rate at 8.4% 5. Unemployment rate in the UK is, therefore, on an increasing trend. ______________________________ 2 Bell, David and Blanchflower, David. What Should be Done about Rising Unemployment in the UK? Dartmouth College. 2009. p.2 3 Trading Economics, â€Å"United Kingdom Unemployment Rate†. Trading Economics. 2012. , accessed 12, March 2012. 4 ibid 5 ibid As the table and the graphs indicate, the unemployment rate, on average, increases on a yearly base. Despite the increase due to the 2008 economic crisis, the rate is yet to fall, although it remains considerably steady

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In recent years, natural adhesion has attracted increasing attention in the material engineering field. This can be mainly attributed to the marine mussel as it has a strong ability to attach to various surfaces in an aqueous environment where they reside. These surfaces vary from natural to synthetic, and inorganic to organic.[49-51] Previous studies on the mussel adhesive protein have discovered that 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine-lysine sequences, may be the main contributor for the versatile nature of the marine mussel.[52, 53] Dopamine, having a similar structure with this sequence, may provide a new platform for bioengineers to physically or chemically enhance the performance of other biomaterials. Several papers have already been published regarding the use of dopamine to augment other biomaterials, such as poly (ethylene glycol), carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. The first part of this review will briefly introduce the basic properties of dopamine which will be followed by its applications 2.2 Properties of Dopamine Dopamine’s properties can be divided into chemical and adhesive properties. The chemical properties mainly focus on the autopolymerization in aerated basic solutions and polymerization of dopamine based on vinyl groups. The adhesive property is dopamine’s most significant feature which gives dopamine its advantage as a biomaterial. 2.2.1 Chemical Properties 2.2.1.1 Autopolymerization in Aerated Basic Solutions Messersmith and coworkers first reported that dopamine is able to auto-polymerize in aired Tris buffer of pH 8.5.[8]. The process of dopamine autopolymerization with a pre-existing substrate results in polydopamine (PDA) films being deposited on the substrate surface. Longer substrate exposure times and higher reaction temperatures result in thicker PDA films being formed.[54] Regardless of the surface type, the inserted PDA films can be coated on the desired surface, even poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), known for its anti-adhesive property.[8] 2.2.1.2 Polymerization of Dopamine Based on Vinyl Groups Polymers carrying pendant dopamine are normally obtained by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers with protected or unprotected dopamine. When meditating protected dopamine carried by polymers with double bone, borax (Na2B4O7 ·10H2O) is widely used as the protecting reactant in order to keep dopamine from forming an annular bidentate catechol subunit.[55] Normally, the polymerized reaction of protected dopamine happens in a liquid solution and forms linear chains. Deprotection reaction usually occurs in an acidic environment and results in the polymer carrying dopamine. Dimolybdenum trioxide[56], 1-dromotoluene[57] and denzophenone chloride[58] can also be used as protecting agents. Zhang et al.[59] designed a novel polymer poly (n-acryloyl dopamine) that possesses high adhesion to wood, especially when mixed with polyethylenimine (PEI) at about 150 °C. They used a protected double bond dopamine as a monomer and 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as an initiator via rad ical polymerization, following the deprotection of dopamine in an acid solution. When meditating unprotected dopamine, Lee BP et al.[60] was the first to report a creative hydrogel that copolymerizes modified dopamine with double bond and polyethylene glycol diacrylate via photo initiation by using a 2,20-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetonephenone (DMPA) initiator. As a result of this invention, greater attention has been given to hydrogels as a new artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) in the biomedical field. Dopamine belongs to the catechol family which leads to vinyled dopamine to act as an inhibitor.[61, 62], as a result they can react with radicals to inhibit polyreaction. The unprotected dopamine, modified with a vinyl group, is able to undergo free-radical polymerization. Several researches have done this experiment on radical polymerization to prove the reliability of this method.[63-75] The research group led by Metin Sitti, copolymerized a dopamine derivate (dopamine meth-acrylami de) with methoxyethylaceylate to obtain a reversible adhesion on the surface of nonflat glass under dry or wet condition.[65] In another publication, 2-(meth-acryloyloxy) ethyl phosphate was used to copolymerize with dopamine methacrylamide, followed by a complicated cohesion in which the copolymer bonded with positively charged polymer, divalent calcium and magnesium.[71] The chemical properties of dopamine provide the platform of its strong adhesive properties. 2.2.2 Adhesive Property The adhesive property of dopamine is one of the most significant properties of dopamine as it has proved to be very versatile in adhering to various surfaces despite the surface chemistry. The bonding between dopamine and surfaces can be generally distributed to two parts: covalent and non-covalent.[10] Surfaces which possess amine groups or thiol groups can covalently bind to dopamine via Michael addition or Schiff base reactions. However since most surfaces don’t have those groups, non-covalent bonding, like H-bond, Ï€-Ï€ interaction and benzenediolcharge-transfer compounds are preferred to generate a valid layer and metallic chelating.[7, 53, 76-87] In a high pH environment, metal ions and medal oxides have a high chance of being hydroxylated or hydrated, which make chelate with catechol groups of dopamine much easier. This can be seen from many experiments done on polydopamine linking with metal oxides (such as Fe2O3, Fe4O3, ZrO2) through chelating bonding interaction.[82, 84, 85] This can be seen when polydopamine nanoparticle suspensions are added to a solution of KMnO4 with H2SO4. A core-shell nanoparticle structure is created in which the polydopamine act as the core and MnO2 act as shell, followed by blending the KOH solution to obtain MnO2 nanospheres. This ad hesive property of dopamine provides promising opportunities for new bioengineered materials. 2.2.3 CNT For decades, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been attracting increasing attention because of their superior features, such as thermal conductivity, excellent tensile strength and remarkable conductivity. They have been applied in various different areas, from sensors to catalysis, and from semiconductors to inductors for osteocytes. In order for CNTs to have a wide range of applications, surface modification is necessary. However, during this modification various intermediate reactions steps are required which increase the complexity of the CNT’s fabrication. Dopamine modification has been viewed as an promising alternative, leading to a coated multifunctional CNT with a polymeric shell that has tunable thickness by time, pH value and temperature.[88] The dopamine coating facilitates the addition of alternate modifications to the surface of CNTs, such as gold nanoparticles.[88] What’s more, CNTPDAs, first, were modified with ATRP initiator and then polymerized with diethyla mine methacrylateto to form brushes polymer — poly (dimethylamine-thyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) on the surface.[89] Following that the functionalized CNT were quaternized in order to combine palladium nanoparticles on the CNTs’ surface. These two examples indicate the capability of dopamine coated CNTs to bind to metal complexes. 2.3 Applications There are many different applications in which dopamine could be applied in; three of them will be the focus here including applications in hydrogels, nanofibers, and biosening. These fields are of great interest currently as they show great promise for dopamine in bioengineering. 2.3.1 Hydrogel The need of a viscous hydrogel, as a unique material, is dramatically increasing in various biomedical fields. The high performance requirements of adhesive hydrogels are strict and various. This includes being sufficiently adhesive in a wet environment, satisfactory elasticity of artificial tissue scaffold and biocompatible.[60, 90] Moreover, biomedical hydrogels also need a quick sol-gel conversion for avoiding surgical obstruction. Recently, adhesive hydrogel, inspired by strong wet adhesion of mussel and cross-bonding capabilities of dopamine, has been attracted increasing attention and considered as a hopeful candidate to fulfill this technologic niche.[91] Messersmith et al.[92] reported the creation of four different adhesive hydrogels using dopamine derivative (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)) as end-groups and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a backbone. The difference of these four hydrogels can be divided into 2 subcategories, linear network and branched network. They applied multiple-angle laser light scattering to study the influences of different oxidative reagents on DOPA oxidation and hydrogel formation. The result showed that gelation time of PEG-DOPA gels relied on oxidative reagents, such as concentration and type. In Lee H.’s report, they also used DOPA and PEG to form hydrogels, but this time they used DOPA modified with methacryloyl chloride and PEG diacrylate instead of pure DOPA and PEG. In order to avoid introducing toxicity of oxidative reagent to the hydrogels and any loss of adhesion, the hydrogels underwent UV initiation.[60] These photo-imitated gels demonstrate appreciable elastic properties for use as a promising biomedical material. Using a similar method Phillip B. Messersmith’s research group also synthesized an adhesive hydrogel, prepared by copolymerizing DOPA with hydrophobic segments of an amphiphilic block copolymer under photo-imitation. The adhesive property of the hydrogel was surprisingly improved in the presence of DOPA in wet condition. The elasticity of the hydrogel was found to be similar to that of soft tissues leading to consider it as a encouraging candidate for biomaterial.[93] Further research conducted by Messersmith and coworkers focused on the biological capabilities of dopamine-PEG adhesive gels. In 2010 they reported that DOPA as end-caps covalently bonded with an amine-terminated 4-arm PEG. The PEG was the core in which oxidative reagents (NaIO4) were added to form an adhesive hydrogel in less than 1 minute.[94] The results of the in vivo test, performed in a murine model, showed the adhesive gels caused minimal inflammation and were stably interfaced with the surrounding tissues for more than 24 months. To form a catena degradable adhering polymer, three materials were reacted to form a semblable branched polymer, including dopamine derivative as end-group, PEG and polycaprolactone (PCL) as a backbone.[95] These polymers are able to form films whose properties, such as swelling capacity and biodegradation, were flexible by changing the ratio, or concentration of these reactants or by adding other additive agents. After coating these adhesive polymer s on a biologic meshes, stronger water-resistant was exhibited when compared with fibrin sealant or cyanoacrylated polymers.[95] Applications for this biomaterial can be extended in the surgical field for hernia repair. Stewart’s group published several papers about adhesive hydrogels based on complex cohesion. In 2010 they created a bio-mimic hydrogel blending with revised gelatin and a copolymer which is obtained by a dopamine derivative reacting with monoacryloxyethyl phosphate in an alkaline condition.[71] The addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the bio-mimic hydrogel could significantly improve the coacervation of the hydrogel, which was applied to tune agglomeration temperature to body temperature. The result demonstrated that the cohesion interaction was biodegradable, perfectly suited for medical applications. In another similar research, an adhesive hydrogel was synthesized by complicated cohesion of a positively charged copolymer and a terpolymer involving a dopamine derivative when its pH was higher than 4.[70] The bonding property of the hydrogel to hydroxylapatite was around 40% of common cyanoacrylate glue. T.G. Park’s group developed a temperature sensitive and injectable tissu e-attachable hydrogel.[96] The hydrogel was synthesized by conjugating hyaluronic acid and dopamine, following by cross-linking with thiol tail-ended Pluronic F127 via Michael addition. The hydrogel precursor exists at room temperature, and a cured hydrogel is formed when brought to a temperature of 37 °C. In a later paper, they used a similar strategy forming hydrogel by blending a dopamine derivative modified chitosan with thiol-capped Pluronic F127 at body temperature.[97] The adjustable gelation time of this block copolymer made it suitable for tissue-repair at 37 °C. The resulting hydrogel dedicated excellent in vivo results, where chitosan served as hemostatic agent and dopamine derivative group acted as adhesive agent to soft tissues. 2.3.2 Nanofiber Tissue engineering tends to use nanofiberous biomaterials instead of a micropores matrix since the filiform and polyporous nanolevel structure allow for artificial extracellular matrix to enhance the fundamental cellular procedures.[98] Nanotechnology reformation have aided in the development of techniques for the production of such a nano-composite materials. Electro-spinning has recently obtained increasing attention, attributing to its briefness and facility for nanofiber fabrication. Through this technique, fibrous structures are easily tuned in order to coordinate it with the extracellular matrix (ECM).[99, 100] So far, this technique has been studied in a range of biological fields, such as bone and skin regeneration. The artificial polymer ECMs usually have difficulties with interfaced reactions between tissues and materials.[101] For electro-spinning nanofibers in applications of biomedicine, it is necessary to physically and chemically combine them with biomolecules or cell-recognizing ligands.[102] This subsequently provides bio-modulating or biomimetic micro- environments to contacting cells and tissues. Dopamine coating can be considered as a simple and versatile approach to modify various synthetic polymers so that they are able to serve in biomedical applications.[49-51] Ku and coworkers[103] firstly reported culturing human endothelial cells on a polydopamine treated electro-spun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membrane. They used two control groups, pure PCL nanofibers and PCL nanofibers coated with gelatin, to investigate the ability of cell attachment of dopamine. The result of the water contact angle demonstrated that polydopamine uniformly was coated on the PCL nanofibers. Polydopam ine also significantly improve endothelial cells’ attachment on the nanofiber, compared with other non-adhesive substrates. Moreover, endothelial cells culture on PCL nanofibers coated by dopamine had developed cytoskeleton, positive PECAM-1 and vWF expressions and high cell extend.Rim and coworkers[104] designed dopamine functionalized electro-spinning poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers with minimal influence on its mechanical performances, like wetting capability and roughness. The polydopamine coated PLLA nanofibers significantly enhanced cell attachment and the degree of spread, contradistinguishing with pure PLLA nanofibers. Meanwhile, its fibrous morphology had changed to more of a polygon shape instead of sphere after the polydopamine coating, which lead to higher DNA content of polydopamine treated PLLA nanofibers. The higher gene expressions of cells cultivated on polydopamine treated fibers indicated better osteogenic differentiation and vasculogenesis. Extensive research regarding the chemical or physical coating of metal on the surface of scaffolds to increase tensile strength has been done.[105] Jungki Ryu et al.[106] used dopamine to process hydroxyapatite deposits on PCL nanofiber by coating it. The result demonstrated a combination of surface activation through dopamine coating and hydroxyapatite mineralization allowing the hybridization of various shapes and surfaces. In other reported, Xie and coworkers[107] considered dopamine as a ‘superglue’, allowing minerals to easily attach to fibrous surfaces. The mechanical properties of mineral functionalized electro-pinning PCL nanofibers, such as stiffness, durability and tensile strength, were near to that of natural bone. Dopamine coated nanofibers show an improvement on existed biomaterials such as their mechanical performances, and cell adhesion. This makes them quite suitable for tissue regeneration and other related bioengineering applications. 2.3.3 Biosensing There is an enormous demand to design highly sensitive and selective biosensors for multiple applications, such as diagnostics, drug screening, and drug discovery.[108] Biosensors usually are in the microscale or nanoscale[109] and there are numerous methods to develop them, such as DNA[110] and antibody-based sensor[111, 112]. Scientists employ dopamine in order to optimize biosensor’s capabilities which have been reported by several research groups. Lui and coworkers first reported that dopamine could be used in a biosensor.[113] They used electricity to oxidize dopamine to form polydopamine on a gold electric pole with existing nicotine. The dopamine-imprinted sensor showed outstanding selectiveness of nicotine and excellent repeatability. Furthermore, Ouyang and coworkers developed a one-step well-defined structure of a dopamine-imprinted sensor.[114] They applied electro-polymerization of o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) and dopamine with existing glutamic acid (Glu). By using a potentiostatic time scan, the sensor exhibited satisfactory stereo selectiveness of bonding L- or D-Glu because their relative synthetic receptor. In a different publication, they designed protein imprinted nanowires which dopamine was also involved.[115] First, the protein-coupled alumina membrane was immersed in dopamine solution followed by an ammonium persulfate solution in order to self-polymerize polydopamine; in which afterward the removal of the atta ched protein is necessary. The nanowires demonstrated constant bonding capability and selectiveness of template proteins due to their cavity structure with bonding spots (like amino group, hydroxyl, Ï€-Ï€ stacking and van der Waals force) that can bind with protein. In another research, Zhou et al. display the creation of magnetic nanoparticles coated by imprinted polymer with a pre-existing template protein.[116] The nanoparticles are able to separate target protein from the mixture. In order to investigate the versatility of the imprinted nanoparticles, they operated on a binding test by using five different proteins excluding the template protein. The result indicated that more than 80% of target proteins were rebinding with imprinted nanoparticles, suggesting imprinted nanoparticles have a bright future to be employed for separating and detecting specific protein. One of the greatest difficulties for biosensors is how to immobilize enzymes on the surface of an electric pole and preserve the enzymes’ functionalities. Wei et al. designed a novel glucose electrochemical sensor, prepared by using a polydopamine film to entrap glucose oxidase and gold nanoparticles.[117] Their research displayed a polydopamine matrix embedded with gold nanoparticles that had high efficiency of immobilizing glucose oxidase. The dopamine film embedded gold nanoparticle biosensor showed a superior sensitivity, good repeatability, linear over broad dynamic range and a low detective threshold. Furthermore, in order to assess adaptability of this sensor, they use it to test glucose concentration in attenuated human serum. The result suggested this biosensor is an attractive material for clinical applications

Locked out of Culture Essay -- Education, Tradicional and Mainstream E

When growing up in a traditional civilization and continuing education in a mainstream environment, one can notice the work of two opposing ways of life. If one could study a traditional identity closely, one may sometimes see a mainstream identity in most of that organization’s people. Usually, a culture is any group of individuals that share the same beliefs, philosophies, and customs; identity can be defined as the image and viewpoints that others see when they look at someone. When looking into someone’s traditional organization, one can easily see two opposing identities. Similarly, Robert Bellah explains the formation of identity in his essay â€Å"Community, Commitment, and Individuality† which shows how identity comes about. Traditional society places a moral authority over its subjects, while the mainstream society does not. Such power can be seen in the Old Chinese customs inside of Maxine Hong Kingston’s essay. Her essay â€Å"No Name Womanâ₠¬  discusses a story of a Chinese mother abusing her own power to teach her daughter a lesson in morality. Some people within a group are responsible for giving power and identity; power is the ability to have more influence inside a culture at the expense of someone else. In addition, Dean Barnlund argues that because both groups want to increase their own well being, their opposing identities must clash with one another. He talks about cultural behaviors in â€Å"Communication in a Global Village.† All of these authors provide key wisdom into such things as culture, identity, and power. Customs can sometimes become a problem. One discovers that it is mandatory that one must reexamine his own identity. Until then, many problems may surface when transitioning between two contradictory cultures. In o... ...d onto the responsibility of two separate viewpoints and values systems. The statements in this essay could or could not be true. Different meanings for culture, identity, and power, may exist out in the real world. The connections made in this essay may not be true to everyone because all of us have different definitions for these key terms. Such evidence in this essay leads to a conclusion of foreseeing becoming trapped between two different styles of beliefs. We saw that, two different beliefs comes from the groups that one has associated. When compared against other people these beliefs and experiences can be held responsible, cultural problems arise. These problems make someone’s switch between organizational climates harder for an individual. Based on all of this evidence, anyone can conclude that they have become locked out of both organizational climates. Locked out of Culture Essay -- Education, Tradicional and Mainstream E When growing up in a traditional civilization and continuing education in a mainstream environment, one can notice the work of two opposing ways of life. If one could study a traditional identity closely, one may sometimes see a mainstream identity in most of that organization’s people. Usually, a culture is any group of individuals that share the same beliefs, philosophies, and customs; identity can be defined as the image and viewpoints that others see when they look at someone. When looking into someone’s traditional organization, one can easily see two opposing identities. Similarly, Robert Bellah explains the formation of identity in his essay â€Å"Community, Commitment, and Individuality† which shows how identity comes about. Traditional society places a moral authority over its subjects, while the mainstream society does not. Such power can be seen in the Old Chinese customs inside of Maxine Hong Kingston’s essay. Her essay â€Å"No Name Womanâ₠¬  discusses a story of a Chinese mother abusing her own power to teach her daughter a lesson in morality. Some people within a group are responsible for giving power and identity; power is the ability to have more influence inside a culture at the expense of someone else. In addition, Dean Barnlund argues that because both groups want to increase their own well being, their opposing identities must clash with one another. He talks about cultural behaviors in â€Å"Communication in a Global Village.† All of these authors provide key wisdom into such things as culture, identity, and power. Customs can sometimes become a problem. One discovers that it is mandatory that one must reexamine his own identity. Until then, many problems may surface when transitioning between two contradictory cultures. In o... ...d onto the responsibility of two separate viewpoints and values systems. The statements in this essay could or could not be true. Different meanings for culture, identity, and power, may exist out in the real world. The connections made in this essay may not be true to everyone because all of us have different definitions for these key terms. Such evidence in this essay leads to a conclusion of foreseeing becoming trapped between two different styles of beliefs. We saw that, two different beliefs comes from the groups that one has associated. When compared against other people these beliefs and experiences can be held responsible, cultural problems arise. These problems make someone’s switch between organizational climates harder for an individual. Based on all of this evidence, anyone can conclude that they have become locked out of both organizational climates.

Nursing Board Examinations Scam: Impact to Practice

The â€Å"American Dream† is in the hands of all nurses around the globe as the U.S. is now facing a chronic nursing shortage with a projected RN shortage of more or less 800,000 in year 2020 (Buerhaus et al., 2000). The shortage of nurses that the U.S. healthcare industry needs to fill up hits hundreds of thousands as the shortage continues despite rising wages of nurses. The health care industry has bemoaned the nursing shortage for more than a decade, and that more will be needed for additional patients as the Baby Boom generation ages. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projected in 2005 that more than 3.1 million registered nurse jobs would be available by 2014, which would add an additional 700,000 new jobs for nurses (Moore, 2007). The United States has ramped up its importation of foreign-trained nurses mainly sourced from Africa (mainly Nigeria and South Africa), India, Canada and the Philippines (Vujicic, 2004). U.S. hospitals and health care agencies choose the Philippines because the country is a former American colony with school curriculum based on the American education system, classes are taught in English and nurses earn a four-year bachelor's degree, sometimes more than what American nurses obtain. Thus, the learning curve for Philippine-trained nurses in the United States is minimal (Jenkins, 2003). The Filipino nurses’ work ethics is the primary reason why they comprise 83 percent of foreign nurses in America and are the most preferred by hospitals, doctors’ clinics and care homes according to U.S. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) (Bondoc, 2007). The Philippine Nurses Association of America (PNAA) reported that there are around 90,000 Filipino nurses in the United States. Every year 12,000 to 14,000 Filipino nurses migrate to the U.S. (OPS, 2007). Nurses’ licensing examinations is offered abroad to bring more foreign-born nurses to the U.S. and help alleviate the acute nursing shortage that is crippling American health care. Most of the foreigners taking the mandatory U.S. licensing nursing exam came from the Philippines, India, Canada, Nigeria, Korea, United Kingdom and Commonwealth of States (formerly USSR) according to National Council of State Boards of Nursing. Of those, more than half were from the Philippines, which educate thousand more nurses than what the country needs (Friess, 2002). The U.S. is a net importer of medical and nursing professionals from the Philippines. The issue on the June 2006 nursing board exam leak in the Philippines has snowballed, settling on a query to Filipino nurses’ credibility and ability in the provision of health care and safety to American Community, not only to solve nursing shortage crisis in America. This paper discusses the important issue of irregularities in nursing board exams. After introducing the topic, a discussion on the essence of nursing ethics is made. The next section briefly presents the recent Philippine Nursing Board exam to the U.S. nursing practice, followed by a critical analysis on this issue. The summary, conclusions and recommendations are presented in the last section. In Respect to the Nursing Insignia The nursing insignia, although it disappears, the meaning still embarks the true identity of the nurse in the nursing practice as a health care provider with caring attitude possess knowledge symbolizes by the nursing cap, the crowning glory of intelligence and the uniform is a picture perfect of purity and cleanliness living with ethics and morale which are molded inside the nursing school. Although the profession of nursing is as ancient as medicine, and may have the greatest right to the Cup of Hygieia as its symbol, most of the nursing tradition use a lamp or candle, which is not only in memory of Florence Nightingale, but which represents the light of knowledge, the central emblem of quality health care. The level of knowledge of nursing graduates is measured by nursing board exams—a licensure examination to eligibly practice the nursing profession. The exam regulates the legal nursing practice as a profession by assessing the basic nursing level competency which considers the objectives of the nursing curriculum, the broad areas of nursing and other related disciplines and competencies. The integrity of foreign licensing systems ultimately affects the health and safety of patients in the United States, a primary consideration of CGFNS in its role in evaluating candidates under U.S. immigration law (The Manila Times, 2007). Impact of Philippine Nursing Board Exam Leakage to U.S. Nursing Practice The Philippines is the leading source of nurses to the United States, with several thousand Filipino nurses migrating there each year. However, the U.S. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) and the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX) delayed their approval for the Philippines’ accreditation as a testing center of the U.S. National Commission on Licensure Examination (NCLEX) for nurses. The shelved application is caused by the direct repercussion of the nursing board exam leak scandal. It capped two hours of grilling earlier on Philippine assurances of exam security and housecleaning after fraud marred its own nursing board tests last June 2006 (Bondoc, 2007). The United States Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools (CGFNS) obliged all Filipino nurses with 2006 licenses, who wished to work in the US, to retake the two sets of tests that investigators said were leaked to several nursing review centers in Manila, the Philippine capital (Cabreza, 2007). The retake of the tests is to allow nurses who passed the leak-tainted 2006 nursing board and are wishing to work in the United States to secure UV Visa-Screen certificates as required by the CGFNS (Rodis, 2007). The Philippines’ status as one of the world’s top producers of nurses could be threatened as it significantly tainted the credibility of Filipino nurses abroad due to the recent examinations irregularities. The scandal allegedly involved leakage materials of the June 2006 Philippine nursing board examinations of at least 200 questions. Some members of the nursing board were accused of receiving bribes from the owners of nursing review centers in exchange for leaking some test questions (Asian Pacific Post, 2007). Sometime after the board exam was held, the whistleblowers who exposed the said irregularity wrote to the PRC in June 2006 to report that handwritten copies of two sets of examination were circulated among examinees who took their review at a particular review center during the actual examination period (Cabreza, 2007). The initial charges were made by students who said that the president of the Philippine Nurses Association, who apparently is the owner and director of a nursing review center and a nursing school, had given the exam questions to students who had taken his coaching classes with the final coaching   at SM Cinema in Manila (The Filipino Express Newspaper, 2007). Many of the whistleblowers who exposed cheating have decided to take a new licensure test to remove the stigma of the scandal (Cabreza, 2007). Only 68.96% (9,198) have passed the nursing board retake out of 13,338 nurses who voluntarily retook, concluded that the quality of education is becoming a real issue, especially in light of the recent cheating/leak in the said board exams (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2007; Rodis, 2007). After the said disclosures were made, officials and industry experts cautioned that the country's status as one of the top sources in the world for nurses would inevitably be adversely affected (Conde, 2006). In fact, this scandal has already demonstrated far-reaching impact on Filipino nurses—aside from some untoward incidents regarding racial discrimination in primetime American shows—indicating that such scandal inevitably involved the entire Philippines. For one, one episode of the hit ABC series â€Å"Desperate Housewives† involved Teri Hatcher insulting the Filipino community when she malignly depicted that Philippine medical schools are producing substandard, inferior and—worse—inept medical practitioners. Another is Jay Leno’s similar remark on his late night show â€Å"The Tonight Show†. Unfortunately, the above incidents gave rise to some political humors across America. A Critical Analysis The nursing board exam leak scandal in the Philippines brought legal, ethical and political issues confronting professional nursing today, including in the U.S., as the Philippines is its prime source of manpower to address the ever-escalating shortage of nurses. Better compensation packages—or simply a better life for the nurse and her/his family—have been achieved notwithstanding ethical and moral of standards of nurses everywhere. The Philippines has had a long history of corruption and low standards of ethics especially in politics and business. The Philippine nursing schools’ â€Å"diploma mills† and review centers, for years, have been earning significantly, capitalizing on the nursing shorted in the developed world. In a country where cheating with impunity has become the norm rather than the exception and where remittances from â€Å"exported† skilled professionals literally keep the economy afloat, the leaks that marred the last nursing board exam and the desperate effort to preserve the examination's credibility in the aftermath were bound to happen. The issue of the scandal is the issue of pathetic dreamers who damage the long-untainted credibility of the nursing institutions in the new era in spare for some cheap dollars. That there was a leak in the Board of Nursing exams is nothing more than a symptom of the nation's deep cancers. However, the response of the academe, the Board of Nursing, the NCLEX, the CGFNS, the hospitals, the physicians and the other professionals abroad could form part of the cure. In fact, indications are that there is a collective effort of many quarters to do directly address the issue. For one, the resignation of the president and the vice president of the Philippine Nursing Association and the Board of Nursing would properly set the tone for reforms within the nursing practice as well as in the academe. The report that some prestigious hospitals, clinics and recruitment agencies around the globe would not accept Nursing graduates from 2006 unless steps were taken to ensure that they indeed are worthy of the title of ‘Registered Nurse’, and the battle being waged by deans of prestigious nursing schools to stop the Philippines’ Professional Regulation Commission from administering the professional oath to â€Å"successful examinees† until the issue is resolved, all provides some sense of hope that there are still many among who refuse to allow precious nursing institution from prostituting itself. This is not an accident that this resolve has come from those involved in caring for people's health. It reflects a sentiment now sweeping across the country and other concerned countries among health professionals. It has little to do with dollar remittances and the promise of a good life. Hence, this battle to preserve the integrity and credibility of the nursing board exam is much more than that. It goes beyond making sure that the nurses who assist in the operating room or administer medicines to patients don't end up doing harm, although this is a big part of the issue. The battle is but a part of a bigger struggle to restore decency, integrity, and honor in country long-plagued by political instability and economic woes. The nursing insignia is being deprived of its cleanliness and purity of morale and intelligence. The white uniform is being stained with the filth of dishonesty and devious acts of betrayal to the nursing profession as the profession of cleanliness and purity. The light of knowledge taught by nursing schools has been diminished with darkness and blindness in the search for greener pastures. The real oppression is to the successful examinees who did not cheat, the hardships should not been paved with shame just because they are being called to participate in something beyond themselves. The only way cheating can be avoided in the future would be if those investigating the leak could pinpoint those who benefited from them and have only these persons retake the subjects. Needless to say, the perpetrators must be punished. It was Gandhi who said that â€Å"our values become our destiny.† What will happen to the destiny of those nurses with prejudiced values and what will happen if those nurses will hold the health of the American community? What will be the destiny of the American health care system if the healthcare provider’s credibility remains a big question? The nursing exam scandal is an opportunity to rediscover and reclaim the values that have been forced to be denied and even discarded—just for the sake of surviving. This unfortunate scandal can, however, prove to be one of the greatest blessings for this nation, because it might finally drive home the point that there can be no true progress and success unless they have their hearts in the right place. Call it a counterculture of sorts, or simply a natural reaction to anything in excess. But the fact is that all over the Philippines, doctors, nurses and other health professionals are starting to heed the call to be more than just healers. There is a growing realization that Filipino nurses must use their professions to help begin a revolution of the heart from the bottom up. It might be the only way to eventually force genuine change at the top. Summary, Conclusions & Recommendations The American Dream, the reverie of greener pasture in the land of milk and honey, has driven the perpetuators to commit the crime against nursing profession and the morality. The opportunities brought about by nursing shortage and nursing exodus has forced the nursing system failures. The quality of nursing education is becoming the real issue as there are 460 nursing schools in the Philippines and 50 of which have already been ordered by the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines to be closed down as nothing more than diploma mills (Rodis, 2007). The exam fraud was but a part of the bigger problem of nursing. And there is also the issue of poor education. Schools, cashing in on a surge of enrolments from news of a nurse shortage in America, were churning out around 80,000 graduates per year. But only 32,000 or so are able to pass the board test, and only 2,000 easily get jobs in top hospitals (Bondoc, 2007). The nursing shortage is not the number one problem in America, but if one takes a closer look, this may arise to a greater problem of hiring half-baked nurses. The illicit release of exam questions in the Philippines is an indication of deeper problems plaguing the Philippine health care system. Desperate to pass the nursing exam and work abroad, many students easily fall victim to such scams.   Diploma mill nursing schools and review centers have exploited this desperation and will do anything to compete for more students and more profits. In the end, the quality of nursing education, profession and the whole health care system suffers. Nurses in the United States involved directly or indirectly in the recruitment of nurses from the Philippines should consider only candidates with a minimum two- to three-year work experience and completely desist from hiring fresh graduates. By doing so, the Filipino nursing community in the United States would help ensure the continued flow of only qualified and well-trained professionals into the American healthcare system. References Asian Pacific Post. (2007). Filipino Nurses' Exam Scandal. Bondoc, J. (2007). NCLEX in Manila Open by Mid-Year. ABS-CBN Interactive. Buerhaus, P.I., Staiger, D.O. & Auerbach, D.I. (2000). Implications of an Aging Registered Nurse Workforce. Journal of the American Medical Association, 283, 2948–2954. Cabreza, V. (2007). Whistleblowers in 2006 Nursing Test Leak Take New Exams. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Conde, C.H. (2006). Cheating on Exam Taints Standing of Philippine nurses. International Herald Tribune – Asia Pacific. Philippine Daily Inquirer. (2007). Results of June 06 Nursing Board Retake Out. Friess, S. (2002). U.S. Looks Abroad for Nurses. USA Today. Jenkins, C. (2003). Filipino Nurses Make a New Life in a New Place. St. Petersburg Times. Moore, J.L. (2007). Nursing Wages Rise, Shortage Continues. The Morning News. Office of the Press Secretary, Philippines. (2007). Declaration of RP as NCLEX Testing Site Hailed as a Triumph for Filipino Nurses. Rodis, R. (2007). The Nursing Scandal. Philippinenews.com. The Filipino Express Newspaper. (2007). Court Asked: Stop Nurses’ Oath-taking. The Manila Times. (2007). U.S. Nixes VisaScreen Papers for June ’06 Nursing Board Passers. Manila: The Manila Times. Vujicic , M., Zurn, P., Diallo, K., Adams, O. &   and Dal Poz, M.R. (2004). The Role of Wages in the Migration of Health Care Professionals from Developing Countries. Human Resources for Health, 2, 3.

Lesson Plan Essays

Lesson Plan Essays Lesson Plan Essay Lesson Plan Essay University of Technology, Jamaica Theory Lesson Plan School: Subject: Technical Drawing Name of Student Teacher: Damion Sterling and Anje Walker Supervising Teacher: Mr. Richard Samuels Date: March 14, 2013 Time: 10:00am Grade/Level: 10 No. of Students: 20 Duration of Lesson: 30 Minutes Unit Title: Surface Developments Topic of Lesson: Surfaced developments of right geometric solid. Teaching Strategy: Discussion, Explanation, Questioning. General Objectives: Students should: 1. 0 be knowledgeable of the different types of geometric solids. 2. understand the different methods and procedure when designing surface development. 3. 0 be able to construct various types of section right geometric solids. Specific Objectives: At the end of the lesson students should be able to: 1. 1 identify the different geometric solids 1. 2 explain the various geometric solids 1. 3 define what is surface development 2. 1 list the different methods and procedure when drawing surface developments. 3. 1 construct a prism with a base of 40mm and height 75mm given the steps and procedures from the handouts. 3. 2 construct a cone with a diameter of 70mm and height 85mm given the steps and procedures from the handouts. Instructional Materials/Teaching Aids/Equipment: 1. Dry eraser, markers 2. Handouts (showing the steps and procedure when producing surface development. ) 3. Reference Materials: Required: Technical Drawing for G. C. E C. S. E. C, J. N Green Previous Knowledge: Introduction: The class will begin with the teacher stating the definition of surface developments and the various types of geometric solids. The teacher will then facilitate a discussion about the surface developments (based on the information on the handout) and then students will be placed into groups of 5 assigning each group a type of geometric solid used when constructing a surface development. The teacher will also try to demonstrate at least two of the geometric solids in constructing a surface development. Development of Lesson| Key Points| Development or Instructional Content| Activities| Time (MIN)| | | Teacher| learners| | * Definition| A development gives the shape and plane area of the material which enables the cost to be estimated. Development should be such as to allow the minimum waste of material when the shape is cut out. | The teacher will asked student what is development. Teacher listen and then give a formal definition. | Students will give their definition. Students will the definition in their note book. | Five (5)| Application: Summary Concluding Activities Reflections: a) Were my objectives met? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ b) How did I perform as the teacher? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ c) How did the students perform? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ d) How did I manage the class? Â  ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ e) What will I do in the next lesson based on answers I have given to a-d? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Essay Example

Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Essay Example Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Essay Kerala from Sangam to Dutch Period Essay Introduction. ?Kerala has a unique Geographical position. ?Kerala has a rich culture and is the meeting point of many types of ideologies, Ideas and religious views. ?Travelers, merchants and rulers visited kerala and influenced its History. ?Story Behind the birth Of Kerala. ?Parasurama the 6th Incarnation of Lord Vishnuthrew an axe far into the sea and commanded the sea to retreat. ?The land that emerged from the waters became Kerala. ?From where does the term kerala come from ? ?Sanskrit scholars derive the name from â€Å"Kera or coconut†,which is a staple product of kerala. Others say it is derived from the Tamil word â€Å"Charal† meaning Mountain slope. ?Arab and Persian writers and early Malayalam and medieval Tamil Literature say that the word kerala means the land of hills and mountains. Traditional sources. ?Early history of kerala is based on traditions. The two major sources are : ? Archaeological Sources. ?Archaeological survey and excavations were started in Kerala by Ward and Conor in 1819. ? there are 3 relics of the Historical period found in the various parts of Kerala. They are : 1. monuments 2. coins 3. inscription. ?Monuments. 1. Stone images of Buddha, reflect the culture of kerala during the Buddhist era. 2. Religious monuments : Temples , Churches, Mosques and Synagogues. 3. Palaces – famous Padmanabhapuram palace in Kanyakumari district and Dutch palace in Fort Cochin. 4. Forts and historical sites. ?Coins. ? Many foreign and indigenous coins have been found in kerala. Rast is the oldest of them. Roman coins are the oldest Foreign coins. Rulers of Travancore and Cochin Had their own independent coinage. Dutch copper coins and British Indian Coins give valuable information to historians. ?Inscriptions . Throw light on the political,Cultural, and social life of the People of Kerala. 2. Give insight into working conditions of local assemblies, how temples were managed, Relationship between the landlord and tenant and functioning Of educational institutions. 3. Some inscriptions testify the liberal policy of religious tolerationfollowed by the ancient rulers of Kerala. ?Sangam Age(1-500 A. D. ) ? Sang am Literature was composed, In which the Works of poets and writers threw light upon cultural, economic, political, Social and other aspects of the kingdoms of the South. Through these works we get to know what happened during the first 500 years of Christian Era : I. there was monarchy and patrilineal system of succession, II. Women were well educated and had a good position in society, III. Monogamy was the norm, widow remarriage was permitted, Child marriage was not there. ?No division of society into high and low castes,there was no untouchability, ? Rice was the staple food, people had no restrictions regarding beef eating and other non-veg items. Rice-wine was a popular drink. ?It was rare to find Brahmins though some were there as Aryan Brahmins in the royal court. Agriculture was a major occupation and due to trade with countries like Rome, they flourished as a prosperous set of people. Post Sangam Period (500-800 A. D. ) ?Main rulers of this period were Cheraman Perumal and Kulasekara Alwar. ?The former became a Vaishnavite Poet and the latter accepted Islam and went to Mecca. ?Adi Shankara (788-820 A. D. ) lived and propogated the Advaida philosophy during this period. ?After the creation of Kerala it was believed that Parasurama planted sixty-four joint Brahmin Families and gave them rules which would govern them. The Brahmins invited rulers called â€Å"Perumals â€Å" to rule them and each ruler was appointed for a period of 12 years to rule over them. The Kollam Epoch (800-1200A. D) ?Politically Kerala was under the Cholas and Pandyas. A temple was constructed at almost every town and village in Kerala the Quilon calendar was introduced during this time in 25 July 825 A. D. ? Festivals like onam and vishu came to be celebrated. ? The 9th century A. D. saw Malayalam growing as a distinct language. ? Educational institutions like â€Å"Salai† came into existance. ? This period also saw the grow of trade and commerce. There was trade betwe en China and Kerala. ?Tenant system was prevalent whereby the feudal lords enjoyed life at the cost of the poor tenants. ?Sales and tax on vehicles fetched a revenue for the state. ?Ravi Varma Epoch (1200-1500 A. D) ? During this period the land relations showed certain important features : ? Increase of intermediaries as temporary holders of land. ?Increased measures to expand cultivable land and enhance income from land. ?The emergence of cash money in obtaining land rights. ?Traditional landowners held the right of ownership of land. ?Pledging of land of debt on interest. Agriculture was the main occupation. ?There were other occupations like ritual-cum-medicine men, astrologers, washer men and so on. ?There was growth of trade and trading centres; ?Trade was at 3 levels : ?Transport system was essential for trade and in this context there were many boats, ships; even bridges over waterways was essential. ?Portugese Rule In Kerala. ?Political authority was fragmented by the time the Portuguese came to kerala. ?In 1498, Vasco-do-Gamma reached Kappad near Kozhikode. ?Portugese, was the first to achieve a stronghold in Kerala ? A number of battles were fought between the provincial rulers and the Portugese. In 1524 Gamma was appointed the Portugese viceroy of Kerala. ?Apart from commerce, they were also interested in imparting their faith to the people. ?Many people were forced to convert. ?In 1550’s , St. Francis Xavier converted many fisher folk and other socially backward sections along the coastal regions of southern Kerala. ?The chiefs in the state (except the Muslims to whom the Portuguese were hostile) did not resist the conversion as long as they had freedom to do trade and commercial activities and the economic fabric of society was not disturbed. The Portuguese used their own tactics of divide and rule policy for fulfilling their commercial interests in the state. ?New towns had risen and old towns decayed. eg. Calicut, Cochin, Chaliyam gained importance while Quilon and Cranganore languished. ?Crops like cashewnuts, tobacco, custard apple, guava, pineapple and papaya were introduced. ?Gunp owder increased the importance of artillery. This brought unemployment among the Nairs who were well trained in swords and shields. They established seminaries and colleges in Cochin, Angamali and Cranganore. For gtting Christian priests. St. Francis Xavier translated Catechism into Malayalam. Fearing ?The Dutch in Kerala. ?Dutch East India Company was established in the year 1592. ?In 1604 they came to the Malabar coast. ?There was rivalry btw Cochin and Kozhikode during that time and they took advantage of this situation. ?However like the Portuguese their involvement in the local politics was minimal. ?However they had conflicts btw Marthanda Varma of Thiruvithankur and Samuthiri of Kozhikode. ?The Dutch had the main power over the Trade activities. ?Pepper and spices were exported by merchants only after the consent of the Dutch people. They constructed forts and factories here like the Portuguese. ?They sold Indonesian spices and sugar to those ships which were going to Cochin. It turned out to be a success. ?But this didn’t last for long as it declined from 1783 and was completely stopped by 1793 due to poor demand. ?Conclusion ?The History of kerala is very essential part of the heritage of the state and cou ntry as well. ?If we study History well then we would know about the real background in which our state developed through the years. ?We can also see the contrasting practices that were in vogue during the ancient and medieval and the present kerala society.

Jazz Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Jazz Review - Essay Example They also accompanied it with basic tunes and chords outlines of soloist. The organization at the concert also contributes to it success since the band arrived in time for the event to be a success as they had planned with the hall manager. Most of the instrumentalists were middle age men who seemed to be more experienced and from the look of things it was clear that what they would deliver would be mature enough for the attending audience. The situational emotion was therefore transferred to lyrics, sounds and beats hence becoming jazz music. The advantage Mafia Jazz band had was that during this period of time, freedom was granted to all in members in that they were able to contribute in the lyrics as they play their musical instruments. This made them sing without getting tired. Jazz music is an art that does not require books, websites or even to be written on the paper for performance. It entails composing the music anywhere anytime of the day. It does not apply the use of all t he musical rules but it all about creativity of an individual so as to pass the intended massage accompanied by other musical instruments. ... This genre of music is more of emotional concern than the intellectual. This is because its effects to the listeners. From the live concerts, it’s clear to depict its effects to be spiritual out of its composition and performance to the audience. Jazz unique distinctiveness improvisation exemplifies other forms of music which requires the listeners to get the information rather than the personal connection of what is being delivered by the performer while on stage or any form of recorded medium. Other than jazz, most kinds of music involve the listeners during performance as written by the composer on stage. Jazz attracts most listeners into a deeper perspective with involvement of audience when each phrase is created. Jazz music on stage is new at all stages this is because the composer uses the time available to make the song a success and relief the listeners of their stress and days hard work. The passion of jazz is derived from the orchestral sonorities thriving on the mu sical instruments diversities. This makes it more different from other classical music that strive to obey the rules of music. In American culture, jazz is considered as the most significant kind of music expression due to its outstanding outcome to music as an art. Jazz is presently adorable all over the world even though it originated from a smaller land in the United States of America. People appreciate this form of music since it motivates an individual besides its energetic performance by an artist. This has made this genre to evolve and seek different levels of artistic delivery. With this improvement, it has given rise to many different jazz styles. Jazz music gives one a life experience and emotion due to its creative inspirational force and discourse that show chronicles story of

FORD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FORD - Essay Example But according to me they should have given their customers the actual information. It would give the public a sense of trust in Ford. The real ethics lies in having the faith of the customers by thinking about their well being. As per a Ford inside notice, the optimal approach to defeat the security issue was by bringing down the core of gravity, enlarging the Explorers wheel base, and utilizing a more diminutive P215 tire. Then again, when further dissection was carried out, Ford understood that stretching the wheel base and bringing down the core of gravity might have deferred the processing, and consequently it chose to act "unethically" Rowell (2008). This shows that Ford was aware of the problem and they also knew the reason for it. It was a fault on their end. They had the thought process of saving their reputation. We can use the Utilitarian approach in this situation. Consistent with the Utilitarian Approach, the maker of the item ought to be considered answerable for the imperfections as opposed to the retailer, and it is the obligation of each maker to guarantee that it processes the most secure items conceivable. Accordingly dependent upon the Utilitarian Approach, it could be reasoned that Ford was "unethical" since it was regulating the methodology through which Explorer was transformed, and in this manner it is to be considered ethically and also lawfully answerable for the imperfections which were available in the vehicle. Based on this theory it can be said that the responsibility should have been taken by Ford. Yes Ford should have taken the responsibility instead of blaming the whole issue on Firestone. It was unethical on their part to protect themselves and blaming a tire manufacture. Ford should have recalled all the faulty cars that had been manufactured by them and should be replaced with the non faulty one or should have repaired the cars on their own expense. According to me it was